VERB SUFFIXES CHART
Component
Gloss
Class Description
-h
plural
Class #01 - Thematic Suffixes - Distributives
-j
stem.formant
Class #01 - Thematic Suffixes - Distributives
-sy
continuious.action
Class #02 - Thematic Suffixes - Purposive-Habitual
-t’a
on.top.of, move.into
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-c’i(k)
block, plug
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-c'ip
block, plug
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-c'ih
block, plug
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-c’o
over
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-da(w)
away
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-da(h)
away
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-dik
against
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-immoto
move.together
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-moto
move.together
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-in
downward
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-mi(t)
in, into
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-pi(n)
toward
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-pi
toward
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-tú(j)
reverse
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-wajto
apart
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-do(j)
up, upward
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-do(h)
inceptive, beginning
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-je(h)
motion
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-ki(t)
downward
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-k'o(j)
move.away, leave
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-no
go.along
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-pa(j)
against
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-si(p)
outward
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-sih
complete
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-si:to
move across, through
Class #03 - Thematic Suffixes - Locative Directionals
-ti
cause
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-ti
benefactive, for
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-ʔomis
reflexive
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-to
reflexive, to.self
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-to
reciprocal
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-to
reciprocal
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-to
reciprocal
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-to
plural.subject
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-to
practice, pretend, play
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-toto
reciprocal, for
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-toto
(go).about, (go).around
Class #04 - Thematic Suffixes - Object Designators
-jo
frequent
Class #05 - Thematic Suffixes - Iterative
-do(j)
begin
Class #06 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects
-bos
finish
Class #06 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects
-os
finish
Class #06 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects
-dow
commit
Class #06 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects
-me(h)
negative
Class #07 - Thematic Suffixes - Negative
-me
negative
Class #07 - Thematic Suffixes - Negative
-mi:
negative
Class #07 - Thematic Suffixes - Negative
-ki(t)
future, finish
Class #08 - Thematic Suffixes - Tense – Aspect
-kammoto
continue
Class #08 - Thematic Suffixes - Tense – Aspect
-wono
remote.past
Class #08 - Thematic Suffixes - Tense – Aspect
-(w)e’es
habit
Class #09 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects - Modal
-(w)e:s
habitual
Class #09 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects - Modal
-(w)es
habitual
Class #09 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects - Modal
-sa
past.habitual
Class #09 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects - Modal
-na:
conditional
Class #09 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects - Modal
-sa
past
Class #09 - Thematic Suffixes - Aspects - Modal
-ma
past
Class #10 - Thematic Suffixes - Tense
-im
past
Class #10 - Thematic Suffixes - Tense
-n
unsure
Class #11 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-c’o
hearsay
Class #12 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-pe
conditional
Class #12 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-de
question
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-do
question
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-de2
uncertainty
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-pa
doubt
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-be
permission
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-bo
permission
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-by
prohibit
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-py
encourage
Class #13 - Inflectional Suffixes/Modals
-ja:
dual
Class #14 - Inflectional Subject - Number
-je
plural
Class #14 - Inflectional Subject - Number
-is
1st.person.subj
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-j
1st.person.subj
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-no
2nd.person.subj
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-min
2nd.person.subj.sing
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-ny
2nd.person.subj.sing
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-ni
2nd.person.subj.sing
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-no ~Ø
2nd.person.subj.sing
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-mo
2nd.person.subj.dual
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-m
2nd.person.subj.dual
Class #15 - Inflectional Subject - Person
-su
future command
Class #16 - Inflectional Imperatives - Tense 1
-sy
future
Class #16 - Inflectional Imperatives - Tense 1
-k’uton
future command
Class #17 - Inflectional Imperatives - Tense 2
-p
command.singular
Class #18 - Inflectional Imperatives - often occur with !
-(w)a
command.plural
Class #18 - Inflectional Imperatives
-s
emphatic.plural
Class #19 - Postfixes - Emphatics, Concessives, Subordinators
-kas
strong.emphatic
Class #19 - Postfixes - Emphatics, Concessives, Subordinators
-ta
concessive
Class #19 - Postfixes - Emphatics, Concessives, Subordinators
-hajdyk
intense
Class #19 - Postfixes - Emphatics, Concessives, Subordinators
-c’e
switch.subject
Class #19 - Postfixes - Emphatics, Concessives, Subordinators
-c'e-te
but.although
Class #19 - Postfixes - Emphatics, Concessives, Subordinators
-c’e-wi:n
because
Class #19 - Postfixes - Emphatics, Concessives, Subordinators
-ʔan
consequence, result
Class #20 - Postfixes - Anaphoric Resultant
-in
verb.final
Participles
-im
past.tense
Participles
-isʔan
same.subject
Participles
-we
continuous.action
Participles
-ha
be, do
Helping Verbs - Modals
-h
be, do
Helping Verbs - Modals
-ma
be, do
Helping Verbs - Modals
-pa
dubitative
Helping Verbs - Modals
-ta
dubitative
Helping Verbs - Modals
-te
but
Helping Verbs - Modals
-b(o)-dò(j)
inceptive, begin
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-b(o)-k`i(t)
inceptive, downward, termination
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-b(o)-k'ò(j)
unable
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-pu-to
almost
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-tawal
habitual
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-ʔy-je(h)
continuative
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-c'e-ki(t)
seem
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-hawaky
seems, maybe
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-japa:n
happen to
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-k'aje(h)
go.around
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
-ʔu
be.somewhere
Helping Verbs - Aspectuals
Component
Gloss
Full Gloss
-ʔan
consequence, result
anaphoric resultant, referring to or replacing an earlier word, connector
-be
permission
permissive optative, expresses permission granted or the result or expected result of permission
-bo
permission
Allomorph of {be} before first person dual and plural
-b(o)-dò(j)
inceptive, begin
begin
-b(o)-k'ò(j)
unable
unable, have difficulty
-b(o)-k`i(t)
inceptive, downward, termination
inceptive, downward, termination
-bos
finish
completive, adds a sense of completeness, finish doing something.
-by
prohibit
cavetive optative, expresses prohibition, warning, negative result
-c'e-ki(t)
seem
seem, down, terminative, future
-c'e-te
but.although
but, although
-c'ih
block, plug
variant of ci(k) before k ; block, plug, cover an opening
-c'ip
block, plug
variant of ci(k) before p ; block, plug, cover an opening
-c’e
switch.subject
subject of dependent and main clause different (se after s) nevertheless, although, in spite of
-c’e-wi:n
because
causative, because
-c’i(k)
block, plug
block, plug, cover an opening
-c’o
over
over, over edge of
-c’o
hearsay
quotative or hearsay
-da(h)
away
variant of da(w) off of or away from and toward a goal; come toward
-da(w)
away
off of or away from and toward a goal; come toward
-de
question
interrogative mode before dual or plural
-de2
uncertainty
Ultan finds it undefinable. Poosibl it implies uncertainty; due to same form as interrogative, could be called non-interrogative
-dik
against
against, facing, opposing
-do
question
Allomorph of {de} before dual and plural, zero in second person
-do(h)
inceptive, beginning
Allomorph of do(j) inceptive, beginning
-do(j)
up, upward
up, upward
-do(j)
begin
inceptive, denotes incipient action or condition. Also occurs as a LD.
-dow
commit
comitative, engage in , execute or effect. Represents accompanying or concomitant action.
-h
plural
plural distributive
-h
be, do
after consonants in allegro speech, vowel is lost
-ha
be, do
auxiliary neutral, be, do, happen
-hajdyk
intense
intensive
-hawaky
seems, maybe
seem (like), maybe. occurs only with {in}
-im
past
Allomorph of {ma} after vowel and CV sequence. past tense
-im
past.tense
Variant of {ma} past.tense
-immoto
move.together
together; move together, around, circle, about
-in
downward
downward
-in
verb.final
neutral semantically, identifies non-finite verb. Usual implies non-past or recent past, but can occur with verbs in any tense, and is the main verb ending in story past.
-is
1st.person.subj
first person subject; j before Ø after ma and py
-isʔan
same.subject
when subject of both the participle and the main clause are identical.
-j
stem.formant
stem formant (forms verb or noun)
-j
1st.person.subj
1st.person.subject on auxiliary ha
-ja:
dual
dual subject (Ø after py, be)
-japa:n
happen to
happen to, it seems
-je
plural
plural subjective (Ø after py, be)
-je(h)
motion
continuous undirected motion
-jo
frequent
iterative, frequent, beginning of an action, up, carry, handle. Designates plural, intermittent action which, in accordance with the context, may also imply a plural, individually distributed subject and/or object.
-k’uton
future command
future imperative, synonymous with (su)
-k'aje(h)
go.around
go around (doing something)
-kammoto
continue
continuative, moving conversation forward, action in process with no implication of termination
-kas
strong.emphatic
emphatic, conveys relatively strong emphasis
-ki(t)
downward
down, downward, usually vertically
-ki(t)
future, finish
future, downward, termination
-k'o(j)
move.away, leave
move away from in an unspecified direction; unable, incapable of, fail to
-m
2nd.person.subj.dual
Allomorph of {no}'second person subject' //m// after {de}, {by}, and before clause subordinators
-ma
past
past tense
-ma
be, do
means the same thing as ha
-me
negative
variant of {meH} negative
-me(h)
negative
negative
-mi:
negative
variant of {me(h)} negative
-min
2nd.person.subj.sing
Allomorph of {no} - //min// before clause subordinators when not preceded by {be}'permissive'
-mi(t)
in, into
in, into, move inside, into, down into
-mo
2nd.person.subj.dual
variant of {no}'second person subject' //mo// dual and plural
-moto
move.together
variant of {immoto} together; move together, around, circle, about
-n
unsure
uncertain evidence, supposition, conjecture, an opinion based on unsure or inconclusive evidence
-na:
conditional
subjunctive, would, could, if, potential, possible, frequently past tense
-ni
2nd.person.subj.sing
variant of {no} - //ni// after {de}'interrogative'
-no
go.along
generalized linear motion in unspecified direction, move along
-no
2nd.person.subj
second person subject; (you) certain allomorphs min, ny, ni; after dual and plural mo/m/Ø
-no ~Ø
2nd.person.subj.sing
Allomorph of {no} - //no// ~ 0 after {be}
-ny
2nd.person.subj.sing
Allomorph of {no} - //ny// after {by}'cavetive opt.'
-ʔomis
reflexive
reflexive subject performs an action upon himself.
-os
finish
Allomorph of {bos} completive, adds a sense of completeness, finish doing something.
-p
command.singular
imperative singular, command addressed to one person, occasionally varies with (h) sometimes in final word position
-pa
doubt
dubitative, reflects relatively strong doubt
-pa
dubitative
a helping verb, only occurs with no other modal or with interrogative
-pa(j)
against
toward or against a surface may also act as an object.designator
-pe
conditional
conditional, expresses result of prior condition, nearly synonymous with na:
-pi
toward
variant of pi(n) move out of and toward (in commands)
-pi(n)
toward
move out of and toward
-pu-to
almost
almost
-py
encourage
hortative optative, encouragement, positive option or result.
-s
emphatic.plural
imperative plural (?), relatively mild emphasis
-sa
past.habitual
past (usually past habitual)
-sa
past
non-habitual past (less common than habitual
-si:to
move across, through
move across, through
-sih
complete
Allomorph of {si(p)} completive, terminative
-si(p)
outward
(move) out, outward, out of and upward, uphill
-su
future command
future imperative; occurs after {be}
-sy
continuious.action
habitual, continuous action, goal oriented or purposeful
-sy
future
Allomorph of {su} future imperative must occur after {be} and before Class 18
-t’a
on.top.of, move.into
on top of, atop, move into
-ta
concessive
concessive attitude on the part of the speaker
-ta
dubitative
Allomorph of {pa}
-tawal
habitual
iterative, habitual
-te
but
Allomorph of {pa} -allegro of /ta/
-ti
cause
causative
-ti
benefactive, for
benefactive, for the sake of
-to
reflexive, to.self
reflexive: do to self
-to
reciprocal
reciprocity between two verbal objects
-to
reciprocal
reciprocity between two persons, places, things
-to
reciprocal
reciprocity between two actions, motions
-to
plural.subject
logical consequence of interaction of two subjects or actions
-to
practice, pretend, play
practice, pretend, play - iterated interaction
-toto
reciprocal, for
reciprocal, for.each.other, to.each.other
-toto
(go).about, (go).around
As a LD locative directional
-tú(j)
reverse
reverse motion, turn back
-ʔu
be.somewhere
locative, be in a place, somewhere, there
-(w)a
command.plural
imperative plural, command addressed to two or more people
-wajto
apart
apart
-we
continuous.action
continuous action accompanying and usually simultaneous with that designated by the main verb
-(w)e:s
habitual
Allomorph of {We'es} in normal speech - usitative, usual/habitual action
-(w)e’es
habit
usitative, usual or habitual action over a explicit or implicit period of time.
-(w)es
habitual
Allomorph of {We'es} in allegro speech - usitative, usual/habitual action
-wono
remote.past
remote past, at some time in the past.
-ʔy-je(h)
continuative
continuative
Component
Gloss
Full Gloss
-toto
(go).about, (go).around
As a LD locative directional
-is
1st.person.subj
first person subject; j before Ø after ma and py
-j
1st.person.subj
1st.person.subject on auxiliary ha
-no
2nd.person.subj
second person subject; (you) certain allomorphs min, ny, ni; after dual and plural mo/m/Ø
-mo
2nd.person.subj.dual
variant of {no}'second person subject' //mo// dual and plural
-m
2nd.person.subj.dual
Allomorph of {no}'second person subject' //m// after {de}, {by}, and before clause subordinators
-min
2nd.person.subj.sing
Allomorph of {no} - //min// before clause subordinators when not preceded by {be}'permissive'
-ny
2nd.person.subj.sing
Allomorph of {no} - //ny// after {by}'cavetive opt.'
-ni
2nd.person.subj.sing
variant of {no} - //ni// after {de}'interrogative'
-no ~Ø
2nd.person.subj.sing
Allomorph of {no} - //no// ~ 0 after {be}
-dik
against
against, facing, opposing
-pa(j)
against
toward or against a surface may also act as an object.designator
-pu-to
almost
almost
-wajto
apart
apart
-da(w)
away
off of or away from and toward a goal; come toward
-da(h)
away
variant of da(w) off of or away from and toward a goal; come toward
-ha
be, do
auxiliary neutral, be, do, happen
-h
be, do
after consonants in allegro speech, vowel is lost
-ma
be, do
means the same thing as ha
-ʔu
be.somewhere
locative, be in a place, somewhere, there
-c’e-wi:n
because
causative, because
-do(j)
begin
inceptive, denotes incipient action or condition. Also occurs as a LD.
-ti
benefactive, for
benefactive, for the sake of
-c’i(k)
block, plug
block, plug, cover an opening
-c'ip
block, plug
variant of ci(k) before p ; block, plug, cover an opening
-c'ih
block, plug
variant of ci(k) before k ; block, plug, cover an opening
-te
but
Allomorph of {pa} -allegro of /ta/
-c'e-te
but.although
but, although
-ti
cause
causative
-(w)a
command.plural
imperative plural, command addressed to two or more people
-p
command.singular
imperative singular, command addressed to one person, occasionally varies with (h) sometimes in final word position
-dow
commit
comitative, engage in , execute or effect. Represents accompanying or concomitant action.
-sih
complete
Allomorph of {si(p)} completive, terminative
-ta
concessive
concessive attitude on the part of the speaker
-na:
conditional
subjunctive, would, could, if, potential, possible, frequently past tense
-pe
conditional
conditional, expresses result of prior condition, nearly synonymous with na:
-ʔan
consequence, result
anaphoric resultant, referring to or replacing an earlier word, connector
-ʔy-je(h)
continuative
continuative
-kammoto
continue
continuative, moving conversation forward, action in process with no implication of termination
-sy
continuious.action
habitual, continuous action, goal oriented or purposeful
-we
continuous.action
continuous action accompanying and usually simultaneous with that designated by the main verb
-pa
doubt
dubitative, reflects relatively strong doubt
-in
downward
downward
-ki(t)
downward
down, downward, usually vertically
-ja:
dual
dual subject (Ø after py, be)
-pa
dubitative
a helping verb, only occurs with no other modal or with interrogative
-ta
dubitative
Allomorph of {pa}
-s
emphatic.plural
imperative plural (?), relatively mild emphasis
-py
encourage
hortative optative, encouragement, positive option or result.
-bos
finish
completive, adds a sense of completeness, finish doing something.
-os
finish
Allomorph of {bos} completive, adds a sense of completeness, finish doing something.
-jo
frequent
iterative, frequent, beginning of an action, up, carry, handle. Designates plural, intermittent action which, in accordance with the context, may also imply a plural, individually distributed subject and/or object.
-sy
future
Allomorph of {su} future imperative must occur after {be} and before Class 18
-su
future command
future imperative; occurs after {be}
-k’uton
future command
future imperative, synonymous with (su)
-ki(t)
future, finish
future, downward, termination
-no
go.along
generalized linear motion in unspecified direction, move along
-k'aje(h)
go.around
go around (doing something)
-(w)e’es
habit
usitative, usual or habitual action over a explicit or implicit period of time.
-(w)e:s
habitual
Allomorph of {We'es} in normal speech - usitative, usual/habitual action
-(w)es
habitual
Allomorph of {We'es} in allegro speech - usitative, usual/habitual action
-tawal
habitual
iterative, habitual
-japa:n
happen to
happen to, it seems
-c’o
hearsay
quotative or hearsay
-mi(t)
in, into
in, into, move inside, into, down into
-b(o)-dò(j)
inceptive, begin
begin
-do(h)
inceptive, beginning
Allomorph of do(j) inceptive, beginning
-b(o)-k`i(t)
inceptive, downward, termination
inceptive, downward, termination
-hajdyk
intense
intensive
-je(h)
motion
continuous undirected motion
-si:to
move across, through
move across, through
-k'o(j)
move.away, leave
move away from in an unspecified direction; unable, incapable of, fail to
-immoto
move.together
together; move together, around, circle, about
-moto
move.together
variant of {immoto} together; move together, around, circle, about
-me(h)
negative
negative
-me
negative
variant of {meH} negative
-mi:
negative
variant of {me(h)} negative
-t’a
on.top.of, move.into
on top of, atop, move into
-si(p)
outward
(move) out, outward, out of and upward, uphill
-c’o
over
over, over edge of
-sa
past
non-habitual past (less common than habitual
-ma
past
past tense
-im
past
Allomorph of {ma} after vowel and CV sequence. past tense
-sa
past.habitual
past (usually past habitual)
-im
past.tense
Variant of {ma} past.tense
-be
permission
permissive optative, expresses permission granted or the result or expected result of permission
-bo
permission
Allomorph of {be} before first person dual and plural
-h
plural
plural distributive
-je
plural
plural subjective (Ø after py, be)
-to
plural.subject
logical consequence of interaction of two subjects or actions
-to
practice, pretend, play
practice, pretend, play - iterated interaction
-by
prohibit
cavetive optative, expresses prohibition, warning, negative result
-de
question
interrogative mode before dual or plural
-do
question
Allomorph of {de} before dual and plural, zero in second person
-to
reciprocal
reciprocity between two verbal objects
-to
reciprocal
reciprocity between two persons, places, things
-to
reciprocal
reciprocity between two actions, motions
-toto
reciprocal, for
reciprocal, for.each.other, to.each.other
-ʔomis
reflexive
reflexive subject performs an action upon himself.
-to
reflexive, to.self
reflexive: do to self
-wono
remote.past
remote past, at some time in the past.
-tú(j)
reverse
reverse motion, turn back
-isʔan
same.subject
when subject of both the participle and the main clause are identical.
-c'e-ki(t)
seem
seem, down, terminative, future
-hawaky
seems, maybe
seem (like), maybe. occurs only with {in}
-j
stem.formant
stem formant (forms verb or noun)
-kas
strong.emphatic
emphatic, conveys relatively strong emphasis
-c’e
switch.subject
subject of dependent and main clause different (se after s) nevertheless, although, in spite of
-pi(n)
toward
move out of and toward
-pi
toward
variant of pi(n) move out of and toward (in commands)
-b(o)-k'ò(j)
unable
unable, have difficulty
-de2
uncertainty
Ultan finds it undefinable. Poosibl it implies uncertainty; due to same form as interrogative, could be called non-interrogative
-n
unsure
uncertain evidence, supposition, conjecture, an opinion based on unsure or inconclusive evidence
-do(j)
up, upward
up, upward
-in
verb.final
neutral semantically, identifies non-finite verb. Usual implies non-past or recent past, but can occur with verbs in any tense, and is the main verb ending in story past.
